亚历山大英文名Alexandria。
亚历山大大帝，古代马其顿国王，亚历山大帝国皇帝，世界古代史上著名的军事家和政治家。
亚历山大大帝是古代马其顿的国王，是欧洲历史上伟大的军事统帅。相貌英俊，喜欢狩猎且足智多谋的他在整个希腊名声大噪，也渐渐确立了统治的地位，是历史上杰出的军事家。
他不仅统治了整个希腊，也灭亡了波斯帝国。建立起一个领域广阔的国家。这个国家西起古希腊，东到恒河流域。这样的辉煌业绩是全无故人后无来者的。
他的帝王风范促使了古希腊的文化与经济的发展，也促进了东西方的文化经济交流。可以说，他为人类社会的发展做出了巨大的贡献。亚历山大是古希腊时代的人，是马其顿帝国皇帝，他执政时是中国的战国时期。
亚历山大大帝，公元前356年7月20日－前323年6月10日，生于马其顿王国首都派拉城，曾师从古希腊著名学者亚里士多德，十八岁随父出征，二十岁继承王位。
是欧洲历史上最伟大的军事天才，马其顿帝国最富盛名的征服者。他雄才伟略，勇于善战，领军驰聘欧亚非大陆，使得古希腊文明广泛传播，是世界古代史上最著名的军事家和政治家。
亚里士多德的英文简介
Aristotle
(384-322BCE)
LifeandWorks
..Logic
..Demonstration
..FourCauses
..Metaphysics
..Universals
..Knowledge
..Virtue
..Volition
..Friendship
..Politics
..Poetics
Bibliography
InternetSources
BornatStagirainnorthernGreece,AristotlewasthemostnotableproductoftheeducationalprogramdevisedbyPlato;hespenttwentyyearsofhislifestudyingattheAcademy.WhenPlatodied,AristotlereturnedtohisnativeMacedonia,whereheissupposedtohaveparticipatedintheeducationofPhilip'sson,Alexander(theGreat).HecamebacktoAthenswithAlexander'sapprovalin335andestablishedhisownschoolattheLyceum,spendingmostoftherestofhislifeengagedthereinresearch,teaching,andwriting.Hisstudentsacquiredthename"peripatetics"fromthemaster'shabitofstrollingaboutashetaught.AlthoughthesurvivingworksofAristotleprobablyrepresentonlyafragmentofthewhole,theyincludehisinvestigationsofanamazingrangeofsubjects,fromlogic,philosophy,andethicstophysics,biology,psychology,politics,andrhetoric.Aristotleappearstohavethoughtthroughhisviewsashewrote,returningtosignificantissuesatdifferentstagesofhisowndevelopment.TheresultislessaconsistentsystemofthoughtthanacomplexrecordofAristotle'sthinkingaboutmanysignificantissues.
TheaimofAristotle'slogicaltreatises(knowncollectivelyastheOrganon)wastodevelopauniversalmethodofreasoningbymeansofwhichitwouldbepossibletolearneverythingthereistoknowaboutreality.Thus,theCategoriesproposesaschemeforthedescriptionofparticularthingsintermsoftheirproperties,states,andactivities.OnInterpretation,PriorAnalytics,andPosteriorAnalyticsexaminethenatureofdeductiveinference,outliningthesystemofsyllogisticreasoningfromtruepropositionsthatlatercametobeknownascategoricallogic.Thoughnotstrictlyoneofthelogicalworks,thePhysicscontributestotheuniversalmethodbydistinguishingamongthefourcauseswhichmaybeusedtoexplaineverything,withspecialconcernforwhythingsarethewaytheyareandtheapparentroleofchanceintheoperationoftheworld.Inothertreatises,Aristotleappliedthismethod,withitscharacteristicemphasisonteleologicalexplanation,toastronomicalandbiologicalexplorationsofthenaturalworld。
InMetafusikh(Metaphysics)Aristotletriedtojustifytheentireenterprisebygroundingitallinanabstractstudyofbeingquabeing.AlthoughAristotlerejectedthePlatonictheoryofforms,hedefendedhisownvisionofultimatereality,includingtheeternalexistenceofsubstance.OnTheSoulusesthenotionofahylomorphiccompositetoprovideadetailedaccountofthefunctionsexhibitedbylivingthings—vegetable,animal,andhuman—andexplainstheuseofsensationandreasontoachievegenuineknowledge.ThatAristotlewasinterestedinmorethanastrictlyscientificexplorationofhumannatureisevidentfromthediscussionofliteraryart(particularlytragedy)inPeriPoihtikhV(Poetics)andthemethodsofpersuasioninthe‘RhtoreiaV(Rhetoric).
Aristotlemadeseveraleffortstoexplainhowmoralconductcontributestothegoodlifeforhumanagents,includingtheEqikhEudaimonhV(EudemianEthics)andtheMagnaMoralia,butthemostcompletesurvivingstatementofhisviewsonmoralityoccursintheEqikhNikomacoi(NicomacheanEthics).Thereheconsideredthenaturaldesiretoachievehappiness,describedtheoperationofhumanvolitionandmoraldeliberation,developedatheoryofeachvirtueasthemeanbetweenviciousextremes,discussedthevalueofthreekindsoffriendship,anddefendedhisconceptionofanideallifeofintellectualpursuit.
ButonAristotle'sview,thelivesofindividualhumanbeingsareinvariablylinkedtogetherinasocialcontext.InthePeriPoliV(Politics)hespeculatedabouttheoriginsofthestate,describedandassessedtherelativemeritsofvarioustypesofgovernment,andlistedtheobligationsoftheindividualcitizen.HemayalsohavebeentheauthorofamodelPoliteiaVAqhnawn(ConstitutionofAthens),inwhichtheabstractnotionofconstitutionalgovernmentisappliedtotheconcretelifeofaparticularsociety.
回答者：抢东西的-秀才三级11-1109:31。
AristotlewasborninStageira(Greek:∑τάγειρα)inChalcidice.HisparentswerePhaestisandNicomachus,whobecamephysiciantoKingAmyntasofMacedon.Aristotlewaseducatedasamemberofthearistocracy.Atabouttheageofeighteen,hewenttoAthenstocontinuehiseducationatPlato'sAcademy.AristotleremainedattheAcademyfornearlytwentyyears,notleavinguntilafterPlato'sdeathin347BC.HethentraveledwithXenocratestothecourtofHermiasofAtarneusinAsiaMinor.WhileinAsia,AristotletraveledwithTheophrastustotheislandofLesbos,wheretogethertheyresearchedthebotanyandzoologyoftheisland.AristotlemarriedHermias'daughter(orniece)Pythias.Sheborehimadaughter,whomtheynamedafterhiswife,Pythias.SoonafterHermias'death,AristotlewasinvitedbyPhilipofMacedontobecometutortoAlexandertheGreat.
AfterspendingseveralyearstutoringtheyoungAlexander,AristotlereturnedtoAthens.By335BC,heestablishedhisownschoolthere,theLyceum.AristotledirectedcoursesattheLyceumforthenexttwelveyears.WhileinAthens,hiswifePythiasdied.AristotlesoonbecameinvolvedwithHerpyllisofStagira,whoborehimasonwhomhenamedafterhisfather,Nicomachus.
ItisduringthistimeinAthensthatAristotleisthoughttohavecomposedmanyofhisworks.AlthoughAristotlewrotedialogues,onlyfragmentsofthesehavesurvived.Theworksthathavesurvivedareintreatiseformand,forthemostpart,werenotmeantforwidespreadpublication.Thesearegenerallythoughttobelecturenotesortextsusedbyhisstudents.AmongthemostimportantarePhysics,Metaphysics(orOntology),NicomacheanEthics,Politics,DeAnima(OntheSoul)andPoetics.Theseworks,althoughconnectedinmanyfundamentalways,differsignificantlyinbothstyleandsubstance.
Aristotlenotonlystudiedalmosteverysubjectpossibleatthetime,butmadesignificantcontributionstomostofthem.Inscience,Aristotlestudiedanatomy,astronomy,economics,embryology,geography,geology,meteorology,physics,andzoology.Inphilosophy,Aristotlewroteonaesthetics,ethics,government,metaphysics,politics,psychology,rhetoricandtheology.Healsodealtwitheducation,foreigncustoms,literatureandpoetry.HiscombinedworkspracticallyconstituteanencyclopediaofGreekknowledge.IthasbeenremarkedthatAristotlewaslikelythelastpersontoknoweverythingtherewastobeknowninhisowntime.[1]。
UponAlexander'sdeathin323BC,anti-MacedonianfeelingsinAthensonceagainflared.EurymedonthehierophantdenouncedAristotle,claiminghedidnotholdthegodsinhonor.Aristotlefledthecitytohismother'sfamilyestateinChalcis,explaining,"IwillnotallowtheAthenianstosintwiceagainstphilosophy."[2]However,hediedthereofnaturalcauseswithintheyear.Aristotleleftawill,whichhasbeenpreserved,inwhichheaskedtobeburiednexttohiswife.
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